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How do you design partitioning for trillion-row datasets in PostgreSQL?

Expert PostgreSQL
Quick Answer Trillion-row partitioning: use declarative range partitioning on the primary access dimension (time, user_id). Use sub-partitioning (nested partition levels: partition by year, sub-partition by month). Detach old partitions to archive storage. Use partition-wise joins and aggregates. Index each partition independently. Keep partition count manageable (hundreds, not thousands). Use pg_partman extension to automate partition management.

Answer

Use multi-level RANGE+HASH partitioning, align queries to pruning keys, distribute partitions across tablespaces, use BRIN indexes, automate partition lifecycle, and separate hot vs cold storage.
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