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What causes memory leaks in long-running PHP processes and how to prevent them?

Expert PHP
Quick Answer Memory leaks in long-running PHP: circular references not caught by GC, static properties accumulating data, growing collections never cleared, listeners never unregistered, closures capturing large objects, ORM identity maps growing unbounded. Fix: unset large variables, call gc_collect_cycles() periodically, use WeakReference for observer patterns, limit ORM identity map size, monitor with memory_get_usage().

Answer

Leaks arise from circular references, static variables, unclosed resources, and growing arrays. Prevent using GC cycles, avoiding static state, releasing resources, and recycling workers via pm.max_requests.
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This answer has been peer-reviewed by industry experts holding senior engineering roles to ensure technical accuracy and relevance for modern interview standards.

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